One of the issues raised in banks loan account which aims to help the needy and the benefit does not apply to these accounts, but banks are the lucky draw prize to people who are opening this account. This has caused some people attempted to open an account to get the prize and represents one of the former lottery that people bought raffle tickets to win rather than help the needy. This has caused some bring banks an institution's raffle. The auther seeks to express the fact that despite the similarity of the prize to former raffle, it is permissible.

One of the most controversial issues in international commercial arbitrations in the last two decades is enforcement of arbitral awards which have been annulled in their country/ies of issuance or in broader word in their country/ies of origin. Two contradictory opinions on the matter are based on two different approaches on territorial or extraterritorial effect of nullification of arbitral award by competent court. Considering the French court’s recent judgment on enforcement of arbitral award rendered in PT Putrabali Adyamulia v. Dena Holding case, despite its annulment in the country where it was made i.e. United Kingdom, author is interested in studying the theoretical and practical aspects of enforcement of nullified arbitral award in this article.

Arbitration is the process during which the parties to a dispute grant third party/parties the authority to settle the dispute and undertake to accept the issued award as final and binding. One of the most important advantages of an arbitration award is its finality, which could naturally reduce costs and processing time. This said, it is not always the case that arbitral awards are final and the legislator has prescribed certain corrective mechanisms.Assuming that ordinary appeal procedures are not available for arbitral awards, this article sets out to examine the possibility of applying extra-ordinary methods of appeal envisaged in Civil Procedures Act to arbitral awards. The extraordinary methods include appeal to the supreme court, retrials and appeal by third-parties. In domestic arbitration, where the parties are Iranian nationals, appeal by third-parties has been explicitly recognized, and in international commercial arbitration, retrial has in certain cases been envisaged, and appeal by third-parties is possible. Of course, court judgments on the request for annulment of arbitration awards could be subject to ordinary and extraordinary appeal mechanisms.

Dr Victor Squires AM is a desert ecology explorer, educator and researcher. At a time when the world is crying out for a greater understanding of Food Security and Land Usage under conditions of Climate Change. . . .

The Current Mechanism of the Investor-State Dispute Settlement is based on Institutional and Ad, hoc International investment Arbitration. The Current Regime of this mechanism has faced with some deficiencies including: Issuance of the inconsistent Awards, Challenging the Governments from international liabilities point of view, Damaging on some fundamental principles of investment international law, High costs, lack of expertise of arbitrators in investment fields, different approaches of the Arbitration courts on Treaty Shopping, Lack of precedent, lack of appeal mechanism and etc. it believes that establishment of an International Investment permanent court with aspiration of the unique Multilateral dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization (WTO) can act as more Consistent, Efficient and Effective in settlement of the disputes of investors-States, in comparative of the current system of the international investment arbitration. Moreover, this new system can reduce the afor-said deficiencies and in particular can take step on strengthening the investor-State Dispute Settlement.

Over the past few decades, following the key role of knowledge and commercialization of knowledge as the main factor of economic prosperity and competitiveness, the importance of changing the role of universities in fostering the fertility of innovative and entrepreneurial activities is increasingly emphasized. In promoting the entrepreneurial concept and mentality and encouraging universities to become more entrepreneurial, in many parts of the world, some merging governmental and intergovernmental organizations have taken different means. As one of them is awards to entrepreneurship and engagement in higher education. Due to the importance of moving towards this concept in Iran, the entrepreneurial university awards can be considered as a means to accelerate the implementation of relevant policies. Therefore, this research using documentary study reviews awards to entrepreneurship and engagement in higher education provided by other countries. The findings of this study can be used by policymakers and researchers in realizing the importance of these awards and taking steps to fill the gap by providing a local model in Iran. That can guide and encourage the universities towards engagement and entrepreneurship in line with improving the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

The issue of 'enforcement of annulled arbitration awards' is one of the major challenges which international commercial arbitration is facing with. Many Legislation attempts have been made to regulate such a process, which according to the contractual nature of 'international commercial arbitration', does not make sense anyhow. In this regard, the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of International Commercial Arbitral Awards and the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration are two notable sets with maximum global acceptance that can be obtained with the help of their applicable regulations offered appropriate solutions to prevent the recognition and enforcement of annulled international commercial arbitral awards. 'Public Policy' is a unique concept in this field, which is considered either 'annulment of arbitral awards' In national law and UNCITRAL Model Law and according to the 1958 New York Convention, which can be considered by the Arbitration awards enforcement location Courts for the lack of identification and implementation of foreign business arbitration awards. The same subscription in the abolition and lack of identification and implementation of business arbitration awards can be considered in accordance with the argument of the origin court in the use of a joint examples or similar to domestic public policy to annulle the arbitration awards with the international public policy and even the domestic public policy of the court of award enforcement location as a functional solution in direction to reduce the possibility of identifying and implementing annulled arbitration awards in the country of award enforcement.

Arbitration has been considered as a most significant alternative dispute resolution process in United States of America. In relating to enforcement of arbitration awards there are a principal source of law: "Federal Arbitration Act" which is adopted in 1925. Articles 9-14 of this statute contains provisions about enforcement and obstacles to arbitration awards. Enforcement of arbitral awards requires the judicial procedures and supervisions in United States. In accordance with this law the party who is seeking for enforcement must file a motion (confirmation request) and bring necessary documents to the appropriate court during one year. Arbitration awards are not enforceable without judicial confirmation. Vacation, modification and correction of arbitral awards have limitative statutory grounds which are stipulated in the law. The courts are uncertain concerning to whether non-statutory grounds for vacating of awards accepted. Despite of this doubt, however, the other grounds have been created in U. S judicial precedent. Nonetheless both legislature and courts in U. S. A endeavor for esteem and prevalence of arbitration process and ordain some circumscriptions for enforcement and vacating of arbitration awards.